Markets, marriage, and norms: Understanding female labour force participation in India
Despite recent gains in India’s female labour force participation rate due to rural self-employment, women’s work in the country remains constrained by factors on both the demand and supply side. ...
Farzana Afridi
03 November, 2025
- Perspectives
How does monetary policy transmission happen in India?
Central banks leverage monetary policy instruments to control the supply of money in the economy, which in turn influences economic outcomes through various channels. Analysing Indian data from 2001-2...
Santosh Kumar Dash
Joyal P. Joseph
27 October, 2025
- Articles
Policy Roundup: Bad air, Econ Nobel, FDI in banks
This post presents our monthly curation of developments in the Indian policy landscape – highlighting I4I content pertaining to the effectiveness of the ban on crop residue burning in certain North ...
Nalini Gulati
31 October, 2025
- Perspectives
Building State capacity for accelerating development through effective governance
In a new edition of I4I conversations, Maitreesh Ghatak (London School of Economics) is joined by Karthik Muralidharan (University of California, San Diego) to discuss his new book, Accelerating India...
Maitreesh Ghatak
Karthik Muralidharan
05 May, 2025
- Videos
Enhancing the State's implementation capacity: Lessons from Delhi schools
In a new edition of I4I conversations, Yamini Aiyar is joined by Shrayana Bhattacharya to discuss her new book, Lessons in State Capacity from Delhi Schools.
Yamini Aiyar
Shrayana Bhattacharya
24 September, 2025
- Videos
Managing India’s demographic transition
India’s population is expected to peak at about 1.7 billion in 2064, and while the current median age is only 28, the share of Indians aged 65 and above will go from 7% to 20% in the next 40 years o...
Farzana Afridi
Sonalde Desai
03 July, 2024
- Videos
Latest
Balancing fertiliser use for higher yields and sustainable agriculture
A growing body of evidence shows that Indian farmers use chemical fertilisers in an unbalanced manner, partly driven by differential subsidies across fertiliser types. Based on analysis of agricultura...
Julian Arteaga
Klaus Deininger
06 November, 2025
- Articles
Markets, marriage, and norms: Understanding female labour force participation in India
Despite recent gains in India’s female labour force participation rate due to rural self-employment, women’s work in the country remains constrained by factors on both the demand and supply side. ...
Farzana Afridi
03 November, 2025
- Perspectives
Policy Roundup: Bad air, Econ Nobel, FDI in banks
This post presents our monthly curation of developments in the Indian policy landscape – highlighting I4I content pertaining to the effectiveness of the ban on crop residue burning in certain North ...
Nalini Gulati
31 October, 2025
- Perspectives
How does monetary policy transmission happen in India?
Central banks leverage monetary policy instruments to control the supply of money in the economy, which in turn influences economic outcomes through various channels. Analysing Indian data from 2001-2...
Santosh Kumar Dash
Joyal P. Joseph
27 October, 2025
- Articles
How dowry shapes migration decisions in modern India
While migration is a critical driver of economic development, it may disrupt arrangements wherein parents rely on sons for old-age support. Leveraging new survey data, this article shows that at the t...
Natalie Bau
Gaurav Khanna
Alessandra Voena
23 October, 2025
- Articles
Most Popular
Hindu-Muslim fertility differentials in India: An update
Building on past research, Saswata Ghosh and Pallabi Das estimate the state- and district-level fertility differentials between Hindus and Muslims using data from the latest round of the NFHS. They sh...
Pallabi Das
Saswata Ghosh
18 April, 2023
- Articles
Unique Health Identification and Aadhaar: A case for mandatory linkage
As part of the Digital India initiative, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) issues a Unique Health Identification (UHID) number to each patient, which documents their entire journey in th...
Mudit Kapoor
23 December, 2016
- Perspectives
Land in India: Market price vs. fundamental value
The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill, 2015, is focused on protecting the few home buyers who can afford to buy homes but does not address the issue of high land prices, which is a very se...
Gurbachan Singh
29 February, 2016
- Articles
Hindu-Muslim fertility differentials in India: District-level estimates from Census 2011
The 2011 Indian Census data show a higher growth rate of Muslim population compared to the Hindu population. This article provides an in-depth picture of Hindu-Muslim fertility differentials at the di...
Saswata Ghosh
27 March, 2019
- Articles
Land records and titles in India
Land ownership is broadly determined by access to a land title, which protects the rights of the title-holder, and impacts livelihoods, and industrial, economic, and social growth. However, land title...
Prachee Mishra
Roopal Suhag
20 November, 2017
- Perspectives
Symposia
International Women’s Day 2025: Towards equality and empowerment
Throughout this week, I4I has been sharing some of the latest evidence and ideas around women’s empowerment to mark International Women’s Day 2025. Discover the five-part series, and more about I4...
I4I Team
08 March, 2025
Introduction to e-Symposium: Tiger conservation in India
Despite a recent upward trend in tiger populations in India, the tiger remains on the endangered species list. Saving the tiger, therefore, is not a fait accompli but a continuous struggle that must b...
Parikshit Ghosh
31 July, 2024
Ideas@IPF2024 series: Research from NCAER’s India Policy Forum
Every year, National Council of Applied Economic Research hosts the India Policy Forum, a platform where economists and policymakers dissect research ideas for their relevance to public policy. Follo...
Pradip Kumar Bagchi
10 July, 2024
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Agriculture Show this topicHide this topic
Balancing fertiliser use for higher yields and sustainable agriculture
A growing body of evidence shows that Indian farmers use chemical fertilisers in an unbalanced manner, partly driven by differential subsidies across fertiliser types. Based on analysis of agricultura...
Julian Arteaga
Klaus Deininger
06 November, 2025
- Articles
Protecting agricultural biodiversity to ensure sustainable food systems
Tulsi Lingareddy
A. Amarender Reddy
21 August, 2025
- Perspectives
Why India's plan to sell rice for ethanol undermines food and water security
Akanksha Jain
30 June, 2025
- Perspectives
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Macroeconomics Show this topicHide this topic
How does monetary policy transmission happen in India?
Central banks leverage monetary policy instruments to control the supply of money in the economy, which in turn influences economic outcomes through various channels. Analysing Indian data from 2001-2...
Santosh Kumar Dash
Joyal P. Joseph
27 October, 2025
- Articles
India at work: Challenges and the road ahead
Nalini Gulati
Kanika Mahajan
Anisha Sharma
15 September, 2025
- Perspectives
Do rural roads promote inclusive entrepreneurship?
Ananyo Brahma
Vidhya Soundararajan
22 July, 2025
- Articles
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Human Development Show this topicHide this topic
Teacher development and school performance: Seven lessons from schools that do well
While the centrality of teachers’ role in the learning process at schools is widely recognised, challenges on the ground come in the way of quality outcomes. Based on preliminary insights from a pil...
Amarjeet Sinha
04 September, 2025
- Notes from the Field
Kerala’s silent crisis: Educated youth, but locked out of work
Isha Gupta
28 August, 2025
- Notes from the Field
When fathers migrate: Does It benefit or disrupt left-behind children’s education?
Pintu Paul
04 August, 2025
- Articles
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Social Identity Show this topicHide this topic
Markets, marriage, and norms: Understanding female labour force participation in India
Despite recent gains in India’s female labour force participation rate due to rural self-employment, women’s work in the country remains constrained by factors on both the demand and supply side. ...
Farzana Afridi
03 November, 2025
- Perspectives
How dowry shapes migration decisions in modern India
Natalie Bau
Gaurav Khanna
Alessandra Voena
23 October, 2025
- Articles
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Governance Show this topicHide this topic
Enhancing the State's implementation capacity: Lessons from Delhi schools
In a new edition of I4I conversations, Yamini Aiyar is joined by Shrayana Bhattacharya to discuss her new book, Lessons in State Capacity from Delhi Schools.
Yamini Aiyar
Shrayana Bhattacharya
25 September, 2025
- Podcasts
Enhancing the State's implementation capacity: Lessons from Delhi schools
Yamini Aiyar
Shrayana Bhattacharya
24 September, 2025
- Videos
Election of criminal politicians and public service delivery
Abhinav Khemka
18 September, 2025
- Articles
Boosting Lekhpal performance via data-driven feedback and recognition
Fahad Hasin
Sakshi Ugale
18 August, 2025
- Notes from the Field
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Poverty & Inequality Show this topicHide this topic
Declining PDS leakages: A look at the numbers
Estimates have shown that leakages of foodgrain from the Public Distribution System declined from 42% in 2011-12 to 22-28% in 2022-23. Analysing new data from the Household Consumption and Expenditure...
Prabhu Pingali
Raghav Puri
11 August, 2025
- Perspectives
What broad lessons have we learned from 115 studies on unconditional cash transfers?
Tommaso Crosta
Dean Karlan
Finley Ong
Julius Ruschenpohler
Christopher Udry
20 June, 2025
- Articles
Food deprivation: A thali index reveals what poverty estimates do not
Pulapre Balakrishnan
Aman Raj
06 June, 2025
- Perspectives
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Environment Show this topicHide this topic
Fire in the fields, crime in the air
While the health and productivity costs of exposure to air pollution are well-known, the resulting impairment of cognitive function and increase in physiological stress can also elevate aggression in ...
Hardeep Singh Amale
Digvijay S. Negi
17 October, 2025
- Articles
How extreme heat determines diets in rural India
Alan Barreca
Manisha Shah
Paul Stainier
09 October, 2025
- Articles
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Money & Finance Show this topicHide this topic
Balancing caution and opportunity: RBI's new stance on FDI in commercial banking
Over the years, the RBI has moved from a cautious stance on FDI in commercial banking, to a pragmatic, case-by-case liberalisation that allows for higher foreign stakes. In this post, Sunil Mani exami...
Sunil Mani
21 October, 2025
- Perspectives
Deregulating deposits: What India’s experience tells us about banking today
Yogeshwar Bharat
Subhadeep Halder
Nirupama Kulkarni
06 October, 2025
- Articles
Stability at the cost of growth? Rethinking liquidity rules in India’s banking sector
Sameedh Sharma
24 July, 2025
- Articles
How Atal Pension Yojana is helping Indians save for retirement
Debasis Rooj
Reshmi Sengupta
11 July, 2025
- Articles
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Productivity & Innovation Show this topicHide this topic
India’s data workers: The human labour making machines learn
Technological progress can displace workers from existing work, as well as create new work. Combined with demographic changes and macroeconomic fluctuations, it has also spurred the growth of non-stan...
Neha Arya
11 September, 2025
- Articles
Night shift bans and female employment in Indian manufacturing
Bhanu Gupta
Kanika Mahajan
Anisha Sharma
Daksh Walia
08 September, 2025
- Articles
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Urbanisation Show this topicHide this topic
Street vending: Understanding emotional markups and market interactions
Despite the ubiquity of street vending in urban landscapes and its significance as a livelihood choice among the poor, it is challenging to collect comprehensive data on vendors – especially childre...
Ronak Jain
28 October, 2024
- Articles
What are the effects of India’s rapid urbanisation on women’s empowerment?
Gaurav Dhamija
Punarjit Roychowdhury
Binay Shankar
28 March, 2024
- Articles
Why is land expensive in India, and what can be done about it?
Gurbachan Singh
29 February, 2024
- Perspectives
Evidence of illegal fuel use by auto rickshaws in Kolkata
Satyaki Sensarma
21 February, 2023
- Articles
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Trade Show this topicHide this topic
Rethinking India’s export strategy
The recently imposed US tariffs on India are being viewed by some analysts as an opportunity for India to undertake holistic economic reforms. In this post, Sharmila Kantha contends that such reforms ...
Sharmila Kantha
22 September, 2025
- Perspectives
Trump’s tariffs and India’s strategic response
Ashok Gulati
Sulakshana Rao
Tanay Suntwal
25 August, 2025
- Perspectives
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Miscellany Show this topicHide this topic
Policy Roundup: Bad air, Econ Nobel, FDI in banks
This post presents our monthly curation of developments in the Indian policy landscape – highlighting I4I content pertaining to the effectiveness of the ban on crop residue burning in certain North ...
Nalini Gulati
31 October, 2025
- Perspectives
Policy Roundup: Domestic reform push amidst global turmoil
Nalini Gulati
01 October, 2025
- Perspectives
Policy Roundup: Trump tariffs, India’s energy security, broader export strategy
Nalini Gulati
01 September, 2025
- Perspectives
Policy Roundup: Critical minerals, Yamuna cleanup, school consolidation
Nalini Gulati
04 August, 2025
- Perspectives





06 November, 2025






